Changes

The relationship between the Crown and Indigenous peoples is the longest standing relationship on Canada’s history. This relationship began with the Royal Proclamation of 1763 – which represented the first formal recognition of the need to negotiate with Indigenous peoples on a nation-to-nation basis. Since that initial proclamation, other decisions and events went on to shape the relationship between Indigenous peoples and the Crown both positively and negatively.

The relationship between the Crown and Indigenous peoples is the longest standing relationship on Canada’s history. This relationship began with the Royal Proclamation of 1763 – which represented the first formal recognition of the need to negotiate with Indigenous peoples on a nation-to-nation basis. Since that initial proclamation, other decisions and events went on to shape the relationship between Indigenous peoples and the Crown both positively and negatively.

* The Royal Proclamation, 1763 recognized prior occupation of land by Indigenous peoples and set out the Crown’s policy approach for the cession of land, including the making of treaties.

* The '''Royal Proclamation''', 1763 recognized prior occupation of land by Indigenous peoples and set out the Crown’s policy approach for the cession of land, including the making of treaties.

* 1867: The British North America Act, section 91(24) identifies Powers of Parliament to include jurisdiction over “Indians and lands reserved for Indians”. This led to the development of the Indian Act, and the Reserve system which established government control over the lives of First Nations people, restricting freedom of movement and activity.

* 1867: The [http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/csj-sjc/constitution/lawreg-loireg/p1t13.html British North America Act], section 91(24) identifies Powers of Parliament to include jurisdiction over “Indians and lands reserved for Indians”. This led to the development of the Indian Act, and the Reserve system which established government control over the lives of First Nations people, restricting freedom of movement and activity.

* 1870s: The first residential schools open. Indian residential schools served as a primary instrument of assimilation from the 1870s until the late 20th Century. Over 130 residential schools were located across the country. These government-funded, church-run schools were set up to eliminate parental involvement in the intellectual, cultural, and spiritual development of Aboriginal children. During this era, more than 150,000 First Nations, Métis, and Inuit children were placed in these schools often against their parents' wishes. Many were forbidden to speak their language and practice their own culture. The last school closed in 1996. While there is an estimated 80,000 former students living today, the ongoing impact of residential schools has been felt throughout generations and has contributed to social problems that continue to exist.

* 1870s: The first residential schools open. [http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100015576/1100100015577 Indian residential schools] served as a primary instrument of assimilation from the 1870s until the late 20th Century. Over 130 residential schools were located across the country. These government-funded, church-run schools were set up to eliminate parental involvement in the intellectual, cultural, and spiritual development of Aboriginal children. During this era, more than 150,000 First Nations, Métis, and Inuit children were placed in these schools often against their parents' wishes. Many were forbidden to speak their language and practice their own culture. The last school closed in 1996. While there is an estimated 80,000 former students living today, the ongoing impact of residential schools has been felt throughout generations and has contributed to social problems that continue to exist.

* 1871-75: The first five numbered treaties deal with native lands in northwestern Ontario and what is now southern Manitoba, southern Saskatchewan and southern Alberta.

* 1871-75: The first five [http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1360948213124/1360948312708 numbered treaties] deal with native lands in northwestern Ontario and what is now southern Manitoba, southern Saskatchewan and southern Alberta.

* 1876: The Indian Act is passed, essentially extinguishing any remaining self-government for First Nations and making them wards of the federal government.

* 1876: The [[https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indian-act Indian Act]] is passed, essentially extinguishing any remaining self-government for First Nations and making them wards of the federal government.

* 1975: The James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement is signed. This is the first modern land claim agreement, or modern treaty, in Canada.

* 1975: The [https://www.canada.ca/en/environmental-assessment-agency/corporate/james-bay-northern-quebec-agreement.html James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement] is signed. This is the first modern land claim agreement, or modern treaty, in Canada.

* 1982: Constitution Act, 1982 is enacted. Section 35 of the Act is the reconciliation of the pre-existence of Aboriginal societies with Crown sovereignty and affirms existing Aboriginal and Treaty rights.

* 1982: Constitution Act, 1982 is enacted. Section 35 of the Act is the reconciliation of the pre-existence of Aboriginal societies with Crown sovereignty and affirms existing Aboriginal and Treaty rights.

* 1984: The Inuvialuit Final Agreement gave the Inuit of the western Arctic control over resources.

* 1984: The [https://www.irc.inuvialuit.com/inuvialuit-final-agreement Inuvialuit Final Agreement] gave the Inuit of the western Arctic control over resources.

* 1985: Changes to the Indian Act extend formal Indian status to the Metis, all enfranchised Aboriginal people living off reserve land and Aboriginal women who had previously lost their status by marrying a non-Aboriginal man

* 1985: Changes to the Indian Act extend formal Indian status to the Metis, all enfranchised Aboriginal people living off reserve land and Aboriginal women who had previously lost their status by marrying a non-Aboriginal man

* 1990: The Sparrow case finds that the Crown must consult prior to infringing existing Aboriginal and Treaty rights. The Oka Crisis focuses national attention of Indigenous land claims.

* 1990: The Sparrow case finds that the Crown must consult prior to infringing existing Aboriginal and Treaty rights. The Oka Crisis focuses national attention of Indigenous land claims.