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===History of the Crown-Indigenous Relationship===
The relationship between the Crown and Indigenous peoples is the longest standing relationship on Canada’s history. This relationship began with the Royal Proclamation of 1763 – which represented the first formal recognition of the need to negotiate with Indigenous peoples on a nation-to-nation basis. Since that initial proclamation, other decisions and events went on to shape the relationship between Indigenous peoples and the Crown both positively and negatively.
* The Royal Proclamation, 1763 recognized prior occupation of land by Indigenous peoples and set out the Crown’s policy approach for the cession of land, including the making of treaties.
* 1867: The British North America Act, section 91(24) identifies Powers of Parliament to include jurisdiction over “Indians and lands reserved for Indians”. This led to the development of the Indian Act, and the Reserve system which established government control over the lives of First Nations people, restricting freedom of movement and activity.
* 1870s: The first residential schools open. Indian residential schools served as a primary instrument of assimilation from the 1870s until the late 20th Century. Over 130 residential schools were located across the country. These government-funded, church-run schools were set up to eliminate parental involvement in the intellectual, cultural, and spiritual development of Aboriginal children. During this era, more than 150,000 First Nations, Métis, and Inuit children were placed in these schools often against their parents' wishes. Many were forbidden to speak their language and practice their own culture. The last school closed in 1996. While there is an estimated 80,000 former students living today, the ongoing impact of residential schools has been felt throughout generations and has contributed to social problems that continue to exist.
* 1871-75: The first five numbered treaties deal with native lands in northwestern Ontario and what is now southern Manitoba, southern Saskatchewan and southern Alberta.
* 1876: The Indian Act is passed, essentially extinguishing any remaining self-government for First Nations and making them wards of the federal government.
* 1975: The James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement is signed. This is the first modern land claim agreement, or modern treaty, in Canada.
* 1982: Constitution Act, 1982 is enacted. Section 35 of the Act is the reconciliation of the pre-existence of Aboriginal societies with Crown sovereignty and affirms existing Aboriginal and Treaty rights.
* 1984: The Inuvialuit Final Agreement gave the Inuit of the western Arctic control over resources.
* 1985: Changes to the Indian Act extend formal Indian status to the Metis, all enfranchised Aboriginal people living off reserve land and Aboriginal women who had previously lost their status by marrying a non-Aboriginal man
* 1990: The Sparrow case finds that the Crown must consult prior to infringing existing Aboriginal and Treaty rights. The Oka Crisis focuses national attention of Indigenous land claims.
* 1996: Final report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples is released.
* 1999: Nunavut is created under the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement in the western Arctic, with lands set aside where Inuit can live, hunt and control sub-surface resources.
* 2000: The federal government approves the Nisga’a Treaty, giving the tribe about $196 million over 15 years plus communal self-government and control of natural resources in parts of northwestern British Columbia.
* 2004: The Haida case creates an obligation to consult, and where appropriate, accommodate, where potential rights are concerned. Subsequent court decisions of Mikisew Cree (2005), Little Salmon (2010), Rio Tinto (2010) and Tsilhqot’in (2014) further refined the Crown’s obligation to consult with Indigenous peoples.
* 2005: The Kelowna Accord called for spending $5 billion over five years to improve native education, health care and living conditions. The Government changed before the accord could be implemented.
* 2008: Prime Minister Stephen Harper offers a formal apology on behalf of Canada over residential schools.
* 2010: Canada signs the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, with qualifications.
* 2015: Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission is released.
* 2016: All Ministerial mandate letters now contain focus on a renewed, nation to nation relationship with Indigenous peoples.
* 2016: Canada officially adopts United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, without qualification.
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