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   <br><p>A <b>Low-Code Development Platform</b> (or simply low-code ) is a software development environment and platform that enables modern programmers to develop application software (apps) through graphical user interfaces instead of writing code in a traditional programming language. While originally intended for applications involving databases, business processes, content/document management systems, and web interfaces, low-code is now mature enough to develop almost all types of applications except for those deeply embedded, or very high-performance (such as games or scientific computing). Low-code has its technical roots in rapid application development (RAD) and fourth generation programming languages from roughly 1992 to the early 2000’s.</p>
    
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   <h2>Business Brief</h2>
 
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   <p>A Low-Code Development Platform (or simply low-code ) is a software development environment and platform that enables modern programmers to develop application software (apps) through graphical user interfaces instead of writing code in a traditional programming language. While originally intended for applications involving databases, business processes, content/document management systems, and web interfaces, low-code is now mature enough to develop almost all types of applications except for those deeply embedded, or very high-performance (such as games or scientific computing). Low-code has its technical roots in rapid application development (RAD) and fourth generation programming languages from roughly 1992 to the early 2000’s.</p>
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   <p class="inline">Low-code</p><p class="highlighted inline mw-collapsible-content"> (Some industry analysts and vendors of low-code systems use very different terminology, for example: Gartner uses high-productivity application Platform-as-a-Service (hpaPaaS).)</p><p class="inline"> is built on the concept of higher abstraction levels, where the developer can directly express business processes and requirements without getting mired in coding details. For some apps developed in low-code, a small amount of simple code is typically still written by hand – especially for applications not following one of the vast number of built-in templates. (Those requiring absolutely no handwritten code are referred to as no-code apps.) This reduction in manual coding has some important effects:</p>
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  <p>Low-code is built on the concept of higher abstraction levels, where the developer can directly express business processes and requirements without getting mired in coding details. For some apps developed in low-code, a small amount of simple code is typically still written by hand – especially for applications not following one of the vast number of built-in templates. (Those requiring absolutely no handwritten code are referred to as no-code apps.) This reduction in manual coding has some important effects:</p>
      
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   <p>All of the major technical industry analysts (Forrester, Gartner, Ovum, and IDC) have reported on low-code for a number of years – following Forrester naming it “low-code” in 2014. Those reports have at times identified up to fifty providers of low-code environments over the past decade. Some of those providers have faded, while three have emerged as the leading providers of very broad low-code solutions : Mendix (now a part of Siemens), Microsoft (with PowerApps), and OutSystems. The Forrester Wave from March 2019 is shown in Figure 1, while the 2018 Gartner Magic Quadrant is shown in Figure 2.
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   <p class="inline">All of the major technical industry analysts (Forrester, Gartner, Ovum, and IDC) have reported on low-code for a number of years – following Forrester naming it “low-code” in 2014. Those reports have at times identified up to fifty providers of low-code environments over the past decade. Some of those providers have faded, while three have emerged as the leading providers of very broad low-code solutions</p><p class="highlighted inline mw-collapsible-content"> (A broad solution is one able to interface to many other types of components (both legacy or written in other programming languages), runs on several platforms, is able to produce apps of all types.)</p><p class="inline"> : Mendix (now a part of Siemens), Microsoft (with PowerApps), and OutSystems. The Forrester Wave from March 2019 is shown in Figure 1, while the 2018 Gartner Magic Quadrant is shown in Figure 2.
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        [[File:Technology_Trends_-_Low_Code_Application_Development_Forrester_Wave.png|center]]
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        <p class="source">Figure 1 The Forrester Wave: Low-Code Development Platforms for AD&D Professionals, Q1 2019. Used without permission.</p>
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            <td>Challengers</td>
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            <td>Nouveaux fournisseurs</td>
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          <tr>
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            <td>Contenders</td>
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            <td>Fournisseurs concurrents</td>
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            <td>Strong Performers</td>
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            <td>Fournisseurs performants</td>
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            <td>Leaders</td>
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            <td>Chefs de file</td>
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          </tr>
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          <tr>
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            <td>Stronger current offering</td>
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            <td>Offres actuelles les plus intéressantes</td>
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          <tr>
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            <td>Weaker current offering</td>
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            <td>Offres actuelles les moins intéressantes</td>
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          <tr>
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            <td>Weaker strategy</td>
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            <td>Stratégie plus faible</td>
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            <td>Stronger strategy</td>
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            <td>Stratégie plus solide</td>
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            <td>Market presence</td>
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            <td>Présence sur le marché</td>
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            <td>OutSystems</td>
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            <td>OutSystems</td>
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            <td>Mendix</td>
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            <td>Mendix</td>
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            <td>Kony</td>
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            <td>Kony</td>
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            <td>Microsoft</td>
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            <td>Microsoft</td>
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            <td>Salesforce</td>
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            <td>Salesforce</td>
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            <td>ServiceNow</td>
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            <td>ServiceNow</td>
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            <td>GeneXus</td>
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            <td>GeneXus</td>
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            <td>Progress Software</td>
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            <td>Progress Software</td>
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            <td>WaveMaker</td>
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            <td>WaveMaker</td>
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            <td>MatsSoft</td>
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            <td>MatsSoft</td>
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            <td>Thinkwise</td>
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            <td>Thinkwise</td>
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            <td>Skuid</td>
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            <td>Skuid</td>
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            <td>Clear Software</td>
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            <td>Clear Software</td>
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   <p>Among other requirements, the systems featured in the Forrester Wave were chosen because they each:
 
   <p>Among other requirements, the systems featured in the Forrester Wave were chosen because they each:
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   <p>Websites of the low-code tool leaders typically provide reference customers, and these include numerous prominent banks, insurance companies, airlines, government departments, and the US Army – though in most cases no details are given about the precise application domain. Most of the analysts’ reports, as well as self-reporting by OutSystems and Mendix, indicate that 88% of companies are adopting low-code, while 74% of those companies are integrating the business side into low-code development, thereby directly involving the clients who dictate the requirements .</p>
 
   <p>Websites of the low-code tool leaders typically provide reference customers, and these include numerous prominent banks, insurance companies, airlines, government departments, and the US Army – though in most cases no details are given about the precise application domain. Most of the analysts’ reports, as well as self-reporting by OutSystems and Mendix, indicate that 88% of companies are adopting low-code, while 74% of those companies are integrating the business side into low-code development, thereby directly involving the clients who dictate the requirements .</p>
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        [[File:Technology_Trends_-_Low_Code_Application_Development_Gartner_Magic_Quadrant.png|center]]
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        <p class="source">Figure 2 : Magic Quadrant de Gartner – Plate-forme d’application d’entreprise comme service à haute productivité. Utilisé sans autorisation.</p>
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            <td>OutSystems</td>
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            <td>OutSystems</td>
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            <td>Mendix</td>
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            <td>Mendix</td>
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            <td>ServiceNow</td>
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            <td>ServiceNow</td>
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            <td>Microsoft</td>
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            <td>Microsoft</td>
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            <td>Kintone</td>
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            <td>Kintone</td>
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            <td>Caspio</td>
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            <td>Caspio</td>
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            <td>AgilePoint</td>
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            <td>AgilePoint</td>
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            <td>MatsSoft</td>
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            <td>MatsSoft</td>
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            <td>Bpm’online</td>
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            <td>Bpm’online</td>
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            <td>Quick Base</td>
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            <td>Quick Base</td>
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            <td>TrackVia</td>
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            <td>TrackVia</td>
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            <td>Fujitsu</td>
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            <td>Fujitsu</td>
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            <td>OrangeScape</td>
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            <td>OrangeScape</td>
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            <td>Zoho</td>
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            <td>Zoho</td>
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            <td>Betty Blocks</td>
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            <td>Betty Blocks</td>
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            <td>Kony</td>
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            <td>Kony</td>
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            <td>Appian</td>
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            <td>Appian</td>
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            <td>Oracle</td>
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            <td>Oracle</td>
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            <td>Pegasystems</td>
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            <td>Pegasystems</td>
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   <h2>Canadian Government Use</h2>
 
   <h2>Canadian Government Use</h2>
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   <p>Analyst group IDG and OutSystems have specifically explored OutSystems for digital government, basing their evaluation on the goals shown in Figure 3, though the conclusions are valid for all low-code systems. In particular, low-code can simultaneously increase quality while decreasing service delivery costs.</p>
 
   <p>Analyst group IDG and OutSystems have specifically explored OutSystems for digital government, basing their evaluation on the goals shown in Figure 3, though the conclusions are valid for all low-code systems. In particular, low-code can simultaneously increase quality while decreasing service delivery costs.</p>
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        [[File:Technology_Trends_-_Low_Code_Application_Development_Top_Goals.png|center]]
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        <p class="source">Figure 3 Top Goals with Respect to the Digital Experience Provided for Citizens. Used without permission from: Improving Digital Experience for End Users in the Public Sector, IDG Research Services, December 2018.</p>
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            <td>Increase the quality of citizen user experience</td>
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            <td>Accroître la qualité de l’expérience utilisateur du citoyen</td>
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            <td>Lower service delivery costs</td>
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            <td>Diminuer les coûts de la prestation des services</td>
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            <td>Improve data security</td>
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            <td>Améliorer la sécurité des données</td>
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            <td>Provide better access to data and information</td>
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            <td>Offrir un meilleur accès aux données et à l’information</td>
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            <td>Increase speed of service delivery</td>
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            <td>Accroître la rapidité de la prestation des services</td>
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            <td>Reduce staff time spent addressing citizen/student requests, questions, complaints</td>
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            <td>Réduire le temps consacré par le personnel à la résolution des demandes de renseignements, des questions et des plaintes des citoyens et des étudiants</td>
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            <td>Increase usage or programs/generate revenue</td>
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            <td>Accroître l’utilisation des programmes et générer des revenus</td>
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            <td>Develop user profiles to personalize transactions</td>
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            <td>Créer des profils d’utilisateurs pour personnaliser les transactions</td>
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   <p class="expand mw-collapsible-content">It is worth noting that achieving these goals (likely via low-code) fits into the higher levels of Gartner's Digital Government Maturity Model (such as Level 4 and Level 5).</p>
 
   <p class="expand mw-collapsible-content">It is worth noting that achieving these goals (likely via low-code) fits into the higher levels of Gartner's Digital Government Maturity Model (such as Level 4 and Level 5).</p>
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  <li>Diedrich, H. (2016). <i>Ethereum: Blockchains, Digital Assets, Smart Contracts, Decentralized Autonomous Organizations.</i> Scotts Valley: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.</li>
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   <li>Furlonger, D., & Kandaswamy, R. (25 July 2018). <i>[https://www.gartner.com/document/3883991 Hype Cycle for Blockchain Technologies].</i> Retrieved on 23 May 2019</li>
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  <li>Orcutt, M. (19 February 2019). <i>[https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612974/once-hailed-as-unhackable-blockchains-are-now-getting-hacked/ Once hailed as unhackable, blockchains are now getting hacked].</i> Retrieved on 23 May 2019</li>
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  <li>Secretariat, T. B. (29 March 2019). <i>[https://www.canada.ca/en/government/system/digital-government/digital-operations-strategic-plan-2018-2022.html Digital Operations Strategic Plan: 2018-2022].</i> Retrieved on 23 May 2019</li>
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   <li>Vallée, J.-C. L. (April 2018). <i>[https://www.conferenceboard.ca/temp/7dc77c07-7e5a-4be6-ad6d-7d1070f9ac20/9591_Cautious%20Optimism_BR.pdf Adopting Blockchain to Improve Canadian Government Digital Services].</i> Retrieved on 23 May 2019</li>
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