Changes

<big>Key military factors in the Civil War, which can be seen as dominant in the outcomes at various points of the Gettysburg Campaign:<ref name=":0" /></big>  

<big>Key military factors in the Civil War, which can be seen as dominant in the outcomes at various points of the Gettysburg Campaign:<ref name=":0" /></big>  

* doctrine (FE) - the superiority of defense to offense

* [[US Civil War doctrine debate|doctrine]] (FE) - the superiority of defense to offense

* organization ([[Force Generation|FG]], FM, [[Force Sustainment|FS]]) - force mass of a scope not seen before

* organization ([[Force Generation|FG]], FM, [[Force Sustainment|FS]]) - force mass of a scope not seen before

* RMA (FD) - technology such as the telegraph, railways, and rifled musket as well as organization like improved methods of field fortification that created invulnerability to frontal assaults

* RMA (FD) - technology such as the [https://www.essentialcivilwarcurriculum.com/the-telegraph.html#:~:text=For%20the%20first%20time%20in,factors%20in%20the%20North%27s%20victory telegraph], railways, and [https://www.essentialcivilwarcurriculum.com/small-arms-and-ammunition.html rifled musket] as well as organization like improved methods of field fortification or "active" entrenched defense that created invulnerability to frontal assaults

<big>The Gettysburg Campaign</big>

<big>The Gettysburg Campaign</big>

# Army Level Strategic Decision: Army of Northern Virginia goes north.  There were several options at the time: stay in Virginia, join the fighting in the Western Theater, and going across the Potomac River into Northern territory.  The last allowed the Army to gather forage and supplies, disrupt Union campaign plans, and potentially gain a political advantage with a battlefield victory.  Going North led to the Battle of Gettysburg.

# Army Level Strategic Decision: Army of Northern Virginia goes north.  There were several options at the time: stay in Virginia, join the fighting in the Western Theater, and going across the Potomac River into Northern territory.  The last allowed the Army to gather forage and supplies, disrupt Union campaign plans, and potentially gain a political advantage with a battlefield victory.  Going North led to the Battle of Gettysburg.

# Army Level Organizational Decision:  

# Army Level Organizational Decision, [https://www.essentialcivilwarcurriculum.com/civil-war-artillery.html Artillery]:  

#* For the South, Lee believed the two-corps arrangement was too large for effective control and reorganized his army into three infantry corps, then disbanded the reserve artillery and reassigned its batteries to the corps.  The cavalry organization was left as it was for the most part. This change provided greater flexibility for maneouvering and deploying.

#* For the South, Lee believed the two-corps arrangement was too large for effective control and reorganized his army into three infantry corps, then disbanded the reserve artillery and reassigned its batteries to the corps.  The cavalry organization was left as it was for the most part. This change provided greater flexibility for manoeuvering and deploying.

#* For the North, the Army of the Potomac reorganized its artillery by designating some to corps level and others to create a large Artillery Reserve.  Both infantry and cavalry corps had artillery brigades assigned.  The commander of the Artillery Reserve was responsible to the Chief of Artillery who reported directly to the Army commander.  This change eliminated many command and supply problems and provided flexibility to distribute artillery fire across a wide front or concentrate it for massed fire on a specific target.  On all three days at Gettysburg, the North's new configuration decisively helped blunt Confederate assaults.

#* For the North, the Army of the Potomac reorganized its artillery by designating some to corps level and others to create a large Artillery Reserve.  Both infantry and cavalry corps had artillery brigades assigned.  The commander of the Artillery Reserve was responsible to the Chief of Artillery who reported directly to the Army commander.  This change eliminated many command and supply problems and provided flexibility to distribute artillery fire across a wide front or concentrate it for massed fire on a specific target.  On all three days at Gettysburg, the North's new configuration decisively helped blunt Confederate assaults.

# Division Level Operational Decision: MGen Stuart was Lee's cavalry commander who provided intelligence, protected the army's flanks and raided.  Prior to Gettysburg, Stuart took his three best of five brigades to ride around the Union army.  This left Lee without effective reconnaissance and led to his surprise when he encountered the Army of the Potomac in Pennsylvania.

# Division Level Operational Decision: MGen Stuart was Lee's cavalry commander who provided intelligence, protected the army's flanks and raided.  Prior to Gettysburg, Stuart took his three best of five brigades to ride around the Union army.  This left Lee without effective reconnaissance and led to his surprise when he encountered the Army of the Potomac in Pennsylvania.

# Division Level Tactical Decision: MGen Rodes was instructed to not bring on a general engagement but assume a defensive position and wait for the Army of Northern Virginia to concentrate.  On 1 July at Oak Ridge, Rodes incorrectly assumed he was on the Army of the Potomac's right flank and attack.  After the first attack failed, he launched a second attack.  The attacks resulted in four divisions of Lee's army being committed prematurely to battle and a piecemeal deployment of the rest of the army as it arrived.  Lee lost the ability to use the full power of his force.

# Division Level Tactical Decision: MGen Rodes was instructed to not bring on a general engagement but assume a defensive position and wait for the Army of Northern Virginia to concentrate.  On 1 July at Oak Ridge, Rodes incorrectly assumed he was on the Army of the Potomac's right flank and attack.  After the first attack failed, he launched a second attack.  The attacks resulted in four divisions of Lee's army being committed prematurely to battle and a piecemeal deployment of the rest of the army as it arrived.  Lee lost the ability to use the full power of his force.

# Corps Level Tactical Decision: Conversely, Ewell did follow Lee's instructions and did not conduct an attack on Cemetery Hill, where the Union had already established a strong defensive position.  This allowed the Union to continue to occupy and reinforce Cemetery and Culp's Hill, impacting Lee's offensive options for 2 July.  

# Corps Level Tactical Decision: Conversely, Ewell did follow Lee's instructions and did not conduct an attack on Cemetery Hill, where the Union had already established a strong defensive position.  This allowed the Union to continue to occupy and reinforce Cemetery and Culp's Hill, impacting Lee's offensive options for 2 July.  

# Army Level Tactical Decision: For 3 July, the plan to continue attacks on both Union flanks was not tenable so Lee decided to attack the Union centre, a force advancing over open ground in the face of strong defensive fire that came to be known as "Pickett's Charge" and at the cost of extensive casualties.  By this time Lee had lost ~34% of army from 1-3 July, ammunition was low with no resupply possible north of the Potomac river, water was scarce, and the ability to resupply was severely curtailed.

# Army Level Tactical Decision: For 3 July, the plan to continue attacks on both Union flanks was not tenable so Lee decided to attack the Union centre, a force advancing over open ground in the face of strong defensive fire that came to be known as "Pickett's Charge" and at the cost of extensive casualties.  At this point, Lee had lost ~34% of his army from 1-3 July, ammunition was low with no resupply possible north of the Potomac river, water was scarce, and the ability to resupply was severely curtailed.  It was decided to withdraw.

[[Force Generation]]

[[Force Generation]]

[[Force Sustainment]]

[[Force Sustainment]]

Force Management

Force Management - elements exist within other pages, a dedicated page to be developed

Force Development

Force Development - individual links provided to certain technologies that impacted, a dedicated page to be developed

Force Employment

Force Employment - see the doctrine page, FE considerations through the operational functions are the student assignments

[[File:Gettysburg-Campaign--June-3-to-July-1-1863.jpg|left|frame|Gettysburg Campaign]]

[[File:Gettysburg-Campaign--June-3-to-July-1-1863.jpg|left|frame|Gettysburg Campaign]]