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   <br><p><b>5G Networks</b> also known as 5G NR (“new radio”), stands for 5th-Generation cellular wireless technology.<ref>Sega, Sashca, “What is 5G”, PCMag, 20 March 2018.<i> [https://www.pcmag.com/article/345387/what-is-5g/ What is 5G]</i></ref> In the mobile universe, a generation (a ‘G’) usually indicates a compatibility break – meaning that users will need new equipment<ref>Segan, S., & Segan, S. (2019, January 07). 5G vs. 5G E vs. 5GHz: What's the Difference? <i>[https://www.pcmag.com/article/365754/5g-vs-5g-e-vs-5ghz-whats-the-difference/  5G vs. 5G E vs. 5GHz: What's the Difference?]</i></ref>.  Although wireless generations have technically been defined by their data transmission speeds, each has also been marked by a break in encoding methods, or “air interfaces,” that make it incompatible with the previous generation.<ref>Sega, Sashca, “What is 5G”, PCMag, 20 March 2018.<i> [https://www.pcmag.com/article/345387/what-is-5g/ What is 5G]</i></ref></p>

   <br><p><b>5G Networks</b> also known as 5G NR (“new radio”), stands for 5th-Generation cellular wireless technology.<ref>Sega, Sashca, “What is 5G”, PCMag, 20 March 2018.<i> [https://www.pcmag.com/article/345387/what-is-5g/ What is 5G]</i></ref> In the mobile universe, a generation (a ‘G’) usually indicates a compatibility break – meaning that users will need new equipment.<ref>Segan, S., & Segan, S. (2019, January 07). 5G vs. 5G E vs. 5GHz: What's the Difference? <i>[https://www.pcmag.com/article/365754/5g-vs-5g-e-vs-5ghz-whats-the-difference/  5G vs. 5G E vs. 5GHz: What's the Difference?]</i></ref> Although wireless generations have technically been defined by their data transmission speeds, each has also been marked by a break in encoding methods, or “air interfaces,” that make it incompatible with the previous generation.<ref>Sega, Sashca, “What is 5G”, PCMag, 20 March 2018.<i> [https://www.pcmag.com/article/345387/what-is-5g/ What is 5G]</i></ref></p>

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   <p>With today’s 4G network, internet infrastructure providers are quickly realizing that 4G is not equipped to handle the increase in mobile data traffic. By 2020, the projected mobile traffic will be too great for 4G networks to support. To resolve this issue, providers and consumers will need to make the shift to 5G networks.</p>

   <p>With today’s 4G network, internet infrastructure providers are quickly realizing that 4G is not equipped to handle the increase in mobile data traffic. By 2020, the projected mobile traffic will be too great for 4G networks to support. To resolve this issue, providers and consumers will need to make the shift to 5G networks.</p>

   <p class="expand mw-collapsible-content"><b>1G – Analog Voice: </b>introduced in the late 1970s, the first cellphones provided voice-only calls. Years later, some 1G cellphones occasionally provided wireless data service to a laptop by connecting them to the laptop's dial-up modem, but hookups were precarious, and when it worked, the data transfer rate was minuscule <ref>Encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved from <i>[https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/55406/cellular-generations/ cellular generations]</i></ref>.</p>

   <p class="expand mw-collapsible-content"><b>1G – Analog Voice: </b>introduced in the late 1970s, the first cellphones provided voice-only calls. Years later, some 1G cellphones occasionally provided wireless data service to a laptop by connecting them to the laptop's dial-up modem, but hookups were precarious, and when it worked, the data transfer rate was minuscule. <ref>Encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved from <i>[https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/55406/cellular-generations/ cellular generations]</i></ref></p>

    

    

   <p class="expand mw-collapsible-content"><b>2G – Digital Networks: </b>introduction of a new digital technology for wireless transmission also known as Global System for Mobile communication (GSM). GSM technology became the base standard for further development in wireless standards. This standard was capable of supporting a data rate from 14.4kbps up to 64kbps (maximum), which is sufficient for SMS and email services. Data networks (GPRS, EDGE, IS-95B) were added and commonly called 2.5G and 2.75G technologies.<ref>Rajiv, & Noman, S. (2018, December 14). Evolution of wireless technologies 1G to 5G in mobile communication. Retrieved from <i>[https://www.rfpage.com/evolution-of-wireless-technologies-1g-to-5g-in-mobile-communication/]</i></ref></p>

   <p class="expand mw-collapsible-content"><b>2G – Digital Networks: </b>introduction of a new digital technology for wireless transmission also known as Global System for Mobile communication (GSM). GSM technology became the base standard for further development in wireless standards. This standard was capable of supporting a data rate from 14.4kbps up to 64kbps (maximum), which is sufficient for SMS and email services. Data networks (GPRS, EDGE, IS-95B) were added and commonly called 2.5G and 2.75G technologies.<ref>Rajiv, & Noman, S. (2018, December 14). Evolution of wireless technologies 1G to 5G in mobile communication. Retrieved from <i>[https://www.rfpage.com/evolution-of-wireless-technologies-1g-to-5g-in-mobile-communication/]</i></ref></p>

    

    

   <p class="expand mw-collapsible-content"><b>3G – High speed IP Data Networks: </b>the third generation, features faster access to the Internet with downstream speeds up to 1 Mbps and more, depending on the 3G version<ref>Encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved from <i>[https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/55406/cellular-generations/ cellular generations]</i></ref>.  Third generation mobile communication started with the introduction of UMTS – Universal Mobile Terrestrial / Telecommunication Systems. After the introduction of 3G mobile communication systems, smart phones became popular across the globe. Specific applications were developed for smartphones, which handle multimedia chat, email, video calling, games, social media and healthcare.<ref>Rajiv, & Noman, S. (2018, December 14). Evolution of wireless technologies 1G to 5G in mobile communication. Retrieved from <i>[https://www.rfpage.com/evolution-of-wireless-technologies-1g-to-5g-in-mobile-communication/]</i></ref>.

   <p class="expand mw-collapsible-content"><b>3G – High speed IP Data Networks: </b>the third generation, features faster access to the Internet with downstream speeds up to 1 Mbps and more, depending on the 3G version.<ref>Encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved from <i>[https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/55406/cellular-generations/ cellular generations]</i></ref> Third generation mobile communication started with the introduction of UMTS – Universal Mobile Terrestrial / Telecommunication Systems. After the introduction of 3G mobile communication systems, smart phones became popular across the globe. Specific applications were developed for smartphones, which handle multimedia chat, email, video calling, games, social media and healthcare.<ref>Rajiv, & Noman, S. (2018, December 14). Evolution of wireless technologies 1G to 5G in mobile communication. Retrieved from <i>[https://www.rfpage.com/evolution-of-wireless-technologies-1g-to-5g-in-mobile-communication/]</i></ref>

   <p>In order to enhance data rate in existing 3G networks, another two technology improvements were introduced to the network. HSDPA – High Speed Downlink Packet access and HSUPA – High Speed Uplink Packet Access, developed and deployed to the 3G networks, known as 3.5G. The next 3G development, known as the 3.75 system, is an improved version of 3G networking with HSPA+ – High Speed Packet Access Plus. Later, this system would evolve into the more powerful 3.9G system known as LTE (Long Term Evolution).</p>

   <p class="highlighted mw-collapsible-content">In order to enhance data rate in existing 3G networks, another two technology improvements were introduced to the network. HSDPA – High Speed Downlink Packet access and HSUPA – High Speed Uplink Packet Access, developed and deployed to the 3G networks, known as 3.5G. The next 3G development, known as the 3.75 system, is an improved version of 3G networking with HSPA+ – High Speed Packet Access Plus. Later, this system would evolve into the more powerful 3.9G system known as LTE (Long Term Evolution).</p>

   <p class="expand mw-collapsible-content"><b>4G – Growth of Mobile Broadband: </b>4G systems are enhanced versions of 3G networks developed by IEEE, offerings higher data rate and capable to of handle handling more advanced multimedia services. LTE and LTE advanced wireless technology are used in 4th generation systems. Furthermore, it has compatibility with previous versions thus easier deployment and upgrade of LTE and LTE advanced networks are possible.<ref>Rajiv, & Noman, S. (2018, December 14). Evolution of wireless technologies 1G to 5G in mobile communication. Retrieved from <i>[https://www.rfpage.com/evolution-of-wireless-technologies-1g-to-5g-in-mobile-communication/]</i></ref>.</p>

   <p class="expand mw-collapsible-content"><b>4G – Growth of Mobile Broadband: </b>4G systems are enhanced versions of 3G networks developed by IEEE, offerings higher data rate and capable to of handle handling more advanced multimedia services. LTE and LTE advanced wireless technology are used in 4th generation systems. Furthermore, it has compatibility with previous versions thus easier deployment and upgrade of LTE and LTE advanced networks are possible.<ref>Rajiv, & Noman, S. (2018, December 14). Evolution of wireless technologies 1G to 5G in mobile communication. Retrieved from <i>[https://www.rfpage.com/evolution-of-wireless-technologies-1g-to-5g-in-mobile-communication/]</i></ref></p>

    

    

   <p class="expand mw-collapsible-content">It is basically the extension in the 3G technology with more bandwidth and services. One of the main ways in which 4G differed technologically from 3G was in its elimination of circuit switching, instead employing an all-IP network. Thus, 4G ushered in a treatment of voice calls just like any other type of streaming audio media, utilizing packet switching over internet, LAN or WAN networks via VoIP.<ref>NA. (2008, 08 23). 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G - The Evolution of Wireless Generations. Retrieved from Support.Chinavision:<i> https://support.chinavasion.com/index.php?/Knowledgebase/Article/View/284/42/1g-2g-3g-4g---the-evolution-of-wireless-generations</i></ref></p>

   <p class="expand mw-collapsible-content">It is basically the extension in the 3G technology with more bandwidth and services. One of the main ways in which 4G differed technologically from 3G was in its elimination of circuit switching, instead employing an all-IP network. Thus, 4G ushered in a treatment of voice calls just like any other type of streaming audio media, utilizing packet switching over internet, LAN or WAN networks via VoIP.<ref>NA. (2008, 08 23). 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G - The Evolution of Wireless Generations. Retrieved from Support.Chinavision:<i> https://support.chinavasion.com/index.php?/Knowledgebase/Article/View/284/42/1g-2g-3g-4g---the-evolution-of-wireless-generations</i></ref></p>

   <h2>Industry Usage</h2>

   <h2>Industry Usage</h2>

   <p>Several telecom vendors in the U.S. have begun developing and testing 5G networks. Telecom providers like Verizon, AT&T and Sprint have all made strides in this field, with individual research projects underway to test the networks. Verizon, AT&T, Sprint, and T-Mobile have all begun to deploy 5G in various markets and will continue to do so throughout 2019. Verizon has fixed and mobile 5G in a few areas. AT&T has mobile 5G for select businesses in select cities, as Sprint is deploying 5G to select areas. T-Mobile will launch commercial 5G in the second half of 2019 and is expecting to have nationwide coverage in 2020.</p>

   <p>Several telecom vendors in the U.S. have begun developing and testing 5G networks. Telecom providers like Verizon, AT&T and Sprint have all made strides in this field, with individual research projects underway to test the networks. Verizon, AT&T, Sprint, and T-Mobile have all begun to deploy 5G in various markets and will continue to do so throughout 2019. Verizon has fixed and mobile 5G in a few areas. AT&T has mobile 5G for select businesses in select cities, as Sprint is deploying 5G to select areas. T-Mobile will launch commercial 5G in the second half of 2019 and is expecting to have nationwide coverage in 2020.</p>

  <p class="expand mw-collapsible-content">Sprint and T-Mobile have invested in lower-frequency 5G, which provides slower speeds in exchange for more range. This will allow them to provide 5G to less-dense areas more economically. Sprint has invested in mid-band, 2.5 GHz 5G, while T-Mobile is planning to use “low-band” 600 MHz 4G in addition to higher-frequency 5G in denser areas. In comparison, Verizon and AT&T will mostly be using much higher-frequency bands, such as the 28-GHz range.</p><p class="expand mw-collapsible-content">

  <p class="expand mw-collapsible-content">Sprint and T-Mobile have invested in lower-frequency 5G, which provides slower speeds in exchange for more range. This will allow them to provide 5G to less-dense areas more economically. Sprint has invested in mid-band, 2.5 GHz 5G, while T-Mobile is planning to use “low-band” 600 MHz 4G in addition to higher-frequency 5G in denser areas. In comparison, Verizon and AT&T will mostly be using much higher-frequency bands, such as the 28-GHz range.</p>

In Canada, widespread availability of 5G won’t be until sometime in 2020. Although 5G has a potential of reaching speeds of 20Gbps, it will likely be around 6Gbps when it is first deployed. As with similar technologies, it will take up to 10 years for this new technology to reach full maturity.

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<p class="expand mw-collapsible-content">In Canada, widespread availability of 5G won’t be until sometime in 2020. Although 5G has a potential of reaching speeds of 20Gbps, it will likely be around 6Gbps when it is first deployed. As with similar technologies, it will take up to 10 years for this new technology to reach full maturity.</p>

<p>One of the uses of 5G is to help manage solar, wind, and other renewable energy sources by balancing out power consumption. Since 5G will enable the collection of data, this information can be collected and analyzed to determine power consumption peaks and valleys. This information can then be used to plan a more consistent and dependable power grid.</p>

<p>One of the uses of 5G is to help manage solar, wind, and other renewable energy sources by balancing out power consumption. Since 5G will enable the collection of data, this information can be collected and analyzed to determine power consumption peaks and valleys. This information can then be used to plan a more consistent and dependable power grid.</p>

<p>The fast speed of 5G networks and its inherent low latency will also enable remote surgery. This gives people in smaller communities’ access to surgeons and specialists that are normally only available in larger cities. The first successful remote surgery has already been completed in China. A 5G network adds the missing piece to the remote surgery puzzle. A remote surgery needs a patient, surgeon, robot, and a super-fast, stable internet connection.</p>

<p>The fast speed of 5G networks and its inherent low latency will also enable remote surgery. This gives people in smaller communities’ access to surgeons and specialists that are normally only available in larger cities. The first successful remote surgery has already been completed in China. A 5G network adds the missing piece to the remote surgery puzzle. A remote surgery needs a patient, surgeon, robot, and a super-fast, stable internet connection.</p>