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CGSB ONGC/003 0002 2019 ENG (view source)
Revision as of 08:24, 15 October 2019
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No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without the prior permission of the publisher. <br>
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without the prior permission of the publisher. <br>
<h2> Scope </h2>
<h2> '''1. Scope''' </h2>
This standard applies to three types of middle distillate fuel oils that are suitable for use in liquid-fuel-burning equipment without preheating (Types 0, 1 and 2), and three types of fuel oils that contain residual fuel components and require preheating (Types 4, 5 and 6). <br>
This standard applies to three types of middle distillate fuel oils that are suitable for use in liquid-fuel-burning equipment without preheating (Types 0, 1 and 2), and three types of fuel oils that contain residual fuel components and require preheating (Types 4, 5 and 6). <br>
The heating fuel oils covered by this standard are intended for use in oil burning equipment to generate heat for domestic and industrial purposes.<br>
The heating fuel oils covered by this standard are intended for use in oil burning equipment to generate heat for domestic and industrial purposes.<br>
::b) Type 5 is a residual fuel oil for burner installations equipped with limited preheating facilities that require a fuel oil of lower viscosity than Type 6.
::b) Type 5 is a residual fuel oil for burner installations equipped with limited preheating facilities that require a fuel oil of lower viscosity than Type 6.
::c) Type 6 is a high-viscosity residual fuel oil for use in burners equipped with preheating facilities to handle such fuels.<br>
::c) Type 6 is a high-viscosity residual fuel oil for use in burners equipped with preheating facilities to handle such fuels.<br>
<br> See[[CGSB_ONGC/003_0002_2019_ENG#Annex B|Annex B]] for regulations that apply to heating fuel oil
<br> See [[CGSB_ONGC/003_0002_2019_ENG#Annex B|Annex B]] for regulations that apply to heating fuel oil
:The testing and evaluation of a product against this standard may require the use of materials and/or equipment that could be hazardous. This document does not purport to address all the safety aspects associated with its use. Anyone using this standard has the responsibility to consult the appropriate authorities and to establish appropriate health and safety practices in conjunction with any applicable regulatory requirements prior to its use.<br><br>
:The testing and evaluation of a product against this standard may require the use of materials and/or equipment that could be hazardous. This document does not purport to address all the safety aspects associated with its use. Anyone using this standard has the responsibility to consult the appropriate authorities and to establish appropriate health and safety practices in conjunction with any applicable regulatory requirements prior to its use.<br><br>
<h2> Normative references</h2>
<h2> '''2. Normative references'''</h2>
The following normative documents contain provisions that, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this National Standard of Canada. The referenced documents may be obtained from the sources noted below.<br>
The following normative documents contain provisions that, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this National Standard of Canada. The referenced documents may be obtained from the sources noted below.<br>
'''2.3.1 Source ''' The above may be obtained from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, U.S.A., telephone 610-832-9585, fax 610-832-9555, Web site www.astm.org, or from IHS Markit, 200-1331 MacLeod Trail SE, Calgary, Alberta T2G 0K3, telephone 613-237‑4250 or 1‑800‑267‑8220, fax 613-237‑4251, Web site hhtp://www.global.ihs.com.<br>
'''2.3.1 Source ''' The above may be obtained from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, U.S.A., telephone 610-832-9585, fax 610-832-9555, Web site www.astm.org, or from IHS Markit, 200-1331 MacLeod Trail SE, Calgary, Alberta T2G 0K3, telephone 613-237‑4250 or 1‑800‑267‑8220, fax 613-237‑4251, Web site hhtp://www.global.ihs.com.<br>
<h2> Terms and definitions </h2>
<h2> '''3. Terms and definitions''' </h2>
For the purposes of this National Standard of Canada, the following terms and definitions apply.<br>
For the purposes of this National Standard of Canada, the following terms and definitions apply.<br>
'''3.1'''<br>
'''3.1'''<br>
emperature at or below which 2.5% of the hourly outside air temperatures are observed to occur for an indicated half month. The 2.5% low-end design temperature for most weather stations in Canada by half month period is available on the Canadian Fuels Association Web site ([[see 2.2]]). This dataset is based upon a statistical analysis of hourly weather readings from weather stations across Canada over the thirty year period from 1981 to 2010 inclusive.
emperature at or below which 2.5% of the hourly outside air temperatures are observed to occur for an indicated half month. The 2.5% low-end design temperature for most weather stations in Canada by half month period is available on the Canadian Fuels Association Web site ([[see 2.2]]). This dataset is based upon a statistical analysis of hourly weather readings from weather stations across Canada over the thirty year period from 1981 to 2010 inclusive.
<h2> Classification </h2>
<h2> '''4. Classification''' </h2>
'''4.1 '''
'''4.1 '''
Heating fuel oils shall be supplied in the following types, as specified (see 8.1):
Heating fuel oils shall be supplied in the following types, as specified (see 8.1):
:Type 0, Type 1, Type 2, Type 4, Type 5, Type 6
:Type 0, Type 1, Type 2, Type 4, Type 5, Type 6
<h2> General requirements </h2>
<h2> '''5. General requirements''' </h2>
'''5.1''' Unless otherwise allowed (see 5.4 and 6.17), the heating fuel oils shall consist of conventional hydrocarbons (i.e. petroleum-derived from natural gas liquid condensates, crude oil, heavy oil, shale oil and oil sands), synthetic hydrocarbons (see 9.13) or mixtures of conventional and synthetic hydrocarbons and may include naturally occurring non-hydrocarbons. <br>
'''5.1''' Unless otherwise allowed (see 5.4 and 6.17), the heating fuel oils shall consist of conventional hydrocarbons (i.e. petroleum-derived from natural gas liquid condensates, crude oil, heavy oil, shale oil and oil sands), synthetic hydrocarbons (see 9.13) or mixtures of conventional and synthetic hydrocarbons and may include naturally occurring non-hydrocarbons. <br>
'''5.2''' The heating fuel oils may contain additives designed to improve the characteristics or performance of the fuel oil. Additives include those that enhance low-temperature flow properties, storage life, static charge dissipation, water haze dissipation, lubricity and inhibit corrosion.<br>
'''5.2''' The heating fuel oils may contain additives designed to improve the characteristics or performance of the fuel oil. Additives include those that enhance low-temperature flow properties, storage life, static charge dissipation, water haze dissipation, lubricity and inhibit corrosion.<br>
'''5.5''' The heating fuel oils shall remain undyed except when it is required for taxation purposes by provincial or territorial regulation.
'''5.5''' The heating fuel oils shall remain undyed except when it is required for taxation purposes by provincial or territorial regulation.
<h2> Detailed requirements </h2>
<h2> '''6. Detailed requirements''' </h2>
<h3> Specified limiting values </h3>
<h3> Specified limiting values </h3>
'''6.1.1''' The heating fuel oil shall comply with the specified limiting values. The specified limiting values shall not be changed. This precludes any allowances for the test method precision and for adding or subtracting digits.<br>
'''6.1.1''' The heating fuel oil shall comply with the specified limiting values. The specified limiting values shall not be changed. This precludes any allowances for the test method precision and for adding or subtracting digits.<br>
'''6.22''' '''Sulphur''' Sulphur content is established by government regulations in effect where the fuel oil is to be used, or by contractual agreement.
'''6.22''' '''Sulphur''' Sulphur content is established by government regulations in effect where the fuel oil is to be used, or by contractual agreement.
'''6.23''' '''Pour point''' Pour point, except for Type 0, may be specified as required for the conditions of storage and use or as agreed by contract. Pour-depressed and flow-improved fuel oil that is designed to provide satisfactory performance under the conditions of storage and use may also be used.
'''6.24''' '''Cloud point''' Cloud point for Types 1 and 2 may be specified as required by the conditions of storage and use or as agreed by contract.
'''6.25 Biodiesel''' The biodiesel component shall comply with CAN/CGSB-3.524. Metered or measured volumes of added biodiesel shall be the primary measurement of biodiesel concentration. If an analytical test method has to be used for biodiesel concentration then use ASTM D7371 or D7806.
== '''7. Detailed requirements''' ==
'''7.1 Sampling'''
'''7.1.1''' Sampling equipment and procedures shall be designed and used to obtain representative samples of a product. Sampling lines and hoses should be adequately flushed prior to taking a sample. Samples should be stored in a cool, dark place. Procedures shall be in accordance with ASTM D4057, D4177 or D5854.
'''7.1.2''' Sample volume should be consistent with the requirement of the testing laboratory or the authority having jurisdiction or both. Unless otherwise specified (see 8.2), or if the amount required is not known, a sample of at least 2.7 L shall be collected.
== '''8. Options''' ==
'''8.1 '''The following options shall be specified in the application of this standard:
a) Type of fuel (see 4.1)
b) Pour point or cloud point except for Type 0 (see 6.15/6.23 and 6.16/6.24).
'''8.2''' The following options may be specified if the requirements are more stringent than those stipulated in this standard:
a) Sulphur (see 6.8)
b) Sample size (see 7.1.2).
== 9. Precautions ==
'''9.1 Wick-type kerosene heaters'''
Fuel oils meeting the requirements of this standard are not intended for use in wick-type kerosene burning space heaters. When in doubt, consult the equipment operating instructions or the manufacturer of the appliance.
'''9.2 Pour point'''
The pour point of the biodiesel fuel blend should be suitable as required for the conditions of storage and use or as agreed by contract. The addition of biodiesel can degrade the low temperature properties of the heating fuel oil. The effectiveness of some fuel additives can be affected when biodiesel is blended into the fuel.
'''9.3 Storage stability'''
Furnace burner manufacturers have expressed concerns with the stability of blends of biodiesel and middle distillate fuel. Poor oxidative stability of biodiesel blends can result in sediment formation and lacquering of furnace burner injection equipment. The inclusion of biodiesel in Type 2 heating fuel oil can degrade the storage stability of the finished fuel blend and long term storage (greater than 6 months) is not recommended. The impact of specific storage conditions has not been completely determined. The oxidation stability requirement of the B100 component is specified in CAN/CGSB-3.524.
'''9.4 Water and copper'''
Water in storage tanks and copper in the fuel supply system can increase the rate of fuel degradation in long term storage. Heating oil storage tanks should be clean and free of water to help avoid corrosion and microbial contamination (see C.4.3). Incorporating metal deactivator additives into the fuel can help to mitigate the effects of copper contamination.
'''9.5 Conductivity depletion'''
Due to the normal depletion of fuel oil conductivity during commingling, storage and distribution, or at low temperatures, the fuel oil should be sufficiently treated with conductivity-improver additive to ensure that the electrical conductivity requirement in 6.12 is met. The temperature at the point of use and the method of distribution could require a substantially higher conductivity level than 25 pS/m at the point of additive treatment. It should be noted that samples in clear bottles exposed to sunlight can also show a rapid depletion in conductivity. For more information, refer to ASTM D2624 and D4865.
NOTE Negative interactions can occur between some biodiesels and conductivity additives.
'''9.6 Fuel colour'''
Fuels having unusual shades of colour should be investigated to determine fitness for use.
'''9.6.1 Existing fuel colour'''
Although this standard does not have a colour requirement, colour can be a useful indicator of fuel quality or contamination. Fuel oil can present several different hues or colours depending on feedstock type and/or manufacturing processes.
'''9.6.2 Change in fuel colour'''
Fuel in long term storage can darken owing to oxidation of trace components. If the darkening is accompanied by the formation of sediment, the fuel could be rendered unacceptable for use.
'''9.7 Manufacturing processes'''
Contamination from manufacturing processes or treatments can be carried over in trace quantities into the fuel and cause unexpected problems. Moreover, these contaminants might not be detected by the requirements listed in this standard. It is recommended that adequate quality assurance procedures be put in place to ensure that manufacturing processes capable of such contamination are identified and controlled. Sodium, calcium, chlorides, sulphates, clay, sand, acids, caustics, soaps, and amine process additives are examples of possible contaminations or potential precipitates.
'''9.8 Visual haze'''
The solubility of water in fuel is a function of temperature. When fuel is exposed to low ambient temperatures, water can separate causing a haze or cloudy appearance in heating fuel oil Types 0, 1 and 2. It has been a common industry practice to predict the solubility of water in fuel by performing the visual haze test at 4°C for fuel destined for winter use, and at 15°C for fuel intended for summer use. Experience has indicated that fuel passing these requirements has been acceptable in the appropriate season. For further information on the visual haze test, refer to CAN/CGSB-3.0 No. 28.8 or to ASTM D4176 Procedure 2.
'''9.9 Mercaptan sulphur'''
The plugging of domestic heating oil burner fuel screen filters or nozzles can be caused by the formation of copper mercaptide gels. Limiting the amount of mercaptan sulphur in heating fuel oil Types 0, 1 and 2 can reduce this problem. Eliminating the use of copper and copper alloys in heating fuel systems as well as the use of metal deactivator additives can also mitigate this problem.
'''9.10 Hydrogen sulphide'''
Hydrogen sulphide (H<sub>2</sub>S) is often found in the vapour phase above Types 4, 5 and 6 fuel oils and occasionally in more limited concentration in the vapour phase above Types 0, 1 and 2 fuel oils. H<sub>2</sub>S is toxic at low concentrations in air. Additives are available that can react with H<sub>2</sub>S in the liquid phase and reduce the concentration of H<sub>2</sub>S both in the fuel and in the vapour phase. Some sulphur compounds present in Types 4, 5 and 6 can, over time, react to form additional H<sub>2</sub>S and this should be considered in determining the additive treat rate.
'''9.11 Fuel flammability'''
A number of properties should be considered in assessing the overall flammability hazard of a fuel. Flash point is the minimum fuel temperature at which a mixture of air and fuel vapour can form and be ignited by a spark or flame under specified laboratory conditions. However, the flash point is only an indication of the potential flammability risk of a fuel. Oxygen concentration in the atmosphere is an additional factor affecting flammability. Investigation of fuel-related fires in marine vessel engine rooms and underground mining applications has shown that these fires are generally initiated through direct contact of a fuel spray or spill with hot surfaces having a temperature exceeding the auto-ignition temperature of the fuel. The flash point of the fuel has little bearing on the probability of such fires occurring. Similarly, fires in fuel tanks are typically initiated as a result of hot work (e.g., welding) on the exterior surface of the tank causing fuel adhering to the interior tank wall surface to evaporate and spontaneously ignite after having exceeded its auto-ignition temperature.
'''9.12 Synthetic hydrocarbons'''
Synthetic hydrocarbons include hydrocarbons derived from non-petroleum sources such as biomass, natural gas, coal, fats and oils by processes such as gasification, reforming, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, hydroprocessing or hydrocracking (including co-processing with petroleum). Other terms used to refer to synthetic middle-distillate hydrocarbons include: biomass-to-liquid (BTL) diesel, gas-to-liquid (GTL) diesel, coal-to-liquid (CTL) diesel, hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD), hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), renewable hydrocarbon diesel (RHD) and synthesized paraffinic diesel (SPD). As with petroleum hydrocarbons, fuel suppliers should consider potential impacts of significant and abrupt changes in blend properties (e.g., density, aromatic content) associated with the use of synthetic hydrocarbons.
'''9.13 Fuel lubricity'''
Some processes that are used to desulphurize heating fuel oil, if severe enough, can also reduce its natural lubricating qualities. Since fuel pumps on furnaces require the fuel to act as a lubricant, heating fuel oils require sufficient lubricity to give adequate protection against excessive fuel pump wear. Additives can be used to improve fuel lubricity. Lubricity additives can have unwanted side effects particularly when used at excessive concentrations or in combination with other additives or contaminants. Adding over 1% by volume of biodiesel generally results in acceptable lubricity.
<h2>Annex A Referenced ASTM International publications (see 2.3)</h2>
<h2>Annex A Referenced ASTM International publications (see 2.3)</h2>