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CGSB ONGC/003 0002 2019 ENG (view source)
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'''<big> Canadian General Standards Board </big>'''<br>
'''<big> Canadian General Standards Board </big>'''<br>
'''<big> CAN/CGSB-3.2-2019 Heating fuel oil</big>''' DRAFT STAGE 50.00<br>
'''<big> <abbr title='National Standard of Canada published by the Canadian General Standards Board'> CAN/CGSB-3.2-2019 Heating fuel oil</big>''' DRAFT STAGE 50.00<br>
''Supersedes CAN/CSGB-3.2-2017''<br>
''Supersedes <abbr title='National Standard of Canada published by the Canadian General Standards Board'> CAN/CGSB-3.2-2017''<br>
Cette norme nationale du Canada est disponble en verisons française et anglaise.<br>
Cette norme nationale du Canada est disponble en verisons française et anglaise.<br>
::a) Type 0 fuel oil is intended for use in fuel domestic oil burning appliances that have outside storage and where ambient temperatures as low as -48°C could be encountered.
::a) Type 0 fuel oil is intended for use in fuel domestic oil burning appliances that have outside storage and where ambient temperatures as low as -48°C could be encountered.
::b) Type 1 fuel oil is intended primarily for use in sleeve-type and wick-feed burners, excluding space heaters (see [[#9.1 Wick-type kerosene heaters|9.1]]), and in most vaporizing pot-type burner applications. It is also intended for atomizing burners in which Type 2 fuel oil cannot be used satisfactorily. During periods of lower ambient temperature, Type 1 fuel oil may be used in place of Type 2 to minimize waxing problems.
::b) Type 1 fuel oil is intended primarily for use in sleeve-type and wick-feed burners, excluding space heaters (see [[#9.1 Wick-type kerosene heaters|9.1]]), and in most vaporizing pot-type burner applications. It is also intended for atomizing burners in which Type 2 fuel oil cannot be used satisfactorily. During periods of lower ambient temperature, Type 1 fuel oil may be used in place of Type 2 to minimize waxing problems.
::c) Type 2 fuel oil is a heavier distillate than Type 1 and is intended for use in most atomizing-type burner applications. This type of fuel oil is used in most domestic oil burning appliances and in some medium capacity commercial and industrial burners. Type 2 may contain up to 5% biodiesel (See [[#Annex C|Annex C]] ).
::c) Type 2 fuel oil is a heavier distillate than Type 1 and is intended for use in most atomizing-type burner applications. This type of fuel oil is used in most domestic oil burning appliances and in some medium capacity commercial and industrial burners. Type 2 may contain up to 5% biodiesel (See [[#Annex C (Informative) Significance of requirements for Type 2 fuel oil containing 1 to 5% biodiesel|Annex C]]).
:Types 4, 5 and 6 fuel oils are primarily for use as industrial fuels: suitable for use in the pulp and paper industry, metallurgical operations, heat or power generation, etc.<br>
:Types 4, 5 and 6 fuel oils are primarily for use as industrial fuels: suitable for use in the pulp and paper industry, metallurgical operations, heat or power generation, etc.<br>
::a) Type 4 is an industrial fuel oil intended primarily for burner installations equipped with limited preheating facilities or with no preheating.
::a) Type 4 is an industrial fuel oil intended primarily for burner installations equipped with limited preheating facilities or with no preheating.
::b) Type 5 is a residual fuel oil for burner installations equipped with limited preheating facilities that require a fuel oil of lower viscosity than Type 6.
::b) Type 5 is a residual fuel oil for burner installations equipped with limited preheating facilities that require a fuel oil of lower viscosity than Type 6.
::c) Type 6 is a high-viscosity residual fuel oil for use in burners equipped with preheating facilities to handle such fuels.
::c) Type 6 is a high-viscosity residual fuel oil for use in burners equipped with preheating facilities to handle such fuels.
See [[#Annex B|Annex B]] for regulations that apply to heating fuel oil
See [[#Annex B Federal, provincial and other regulations applicable to heating oil|Annex B]] for regulations that apply to heating fuel oil
The testing and evaluation of a product against this standard may require the use of materials and/or equipment that could be hazardous. This document does not purport to address all the safety aspects associated with its use. Anyone using this standard has the responsibility to consult the appropriate authorities and to establish appropriate health and safety practices in conjunction with any applicable regulatory requirements prior to its use.<br>
The testing and evaluation of a product against this standard may require the use of materials and/or equipment that could be hazardous. This document does not purport to address all the safety aspects associated with its use. Anyone using this standard has the responsibility to consult the appropriate authorities and to establish appropriate health and safety practices in conjunction with any applicable regulatory requirements prior to its use.<br>
Units of measurement – Quantities and dimensions used in this standard are given in metric units, mainly SI units.<br>
Units of measurement – Quantities and dimensions used in this standard are given in metric units, mainly SI units.<br>
An undated reference is to the latest edition or revision of the reference or document in question, unless otherwise specified by the authority applying this standard. A dated reference is to the specified revision or edition of the reference or document in question. <br>
An undated reference is to the latest edition or revision of the reference or document in question, unless otherwise specified by the authority applying this standard. A dated reference is to the specified revision or edition of the reference or document in question. <br>
See [[#Annex B|Annex B]] for regulations that apply to heating fuel oil.<br>
See [[#Annex B Federal, provincial and other regulations applicable to heating oil|Annex B]] for regulations that apply to heating fuel oil.<br>
<h5>2.1 Canadian General Standards Board <abbr title=""> (CGSB) </abbr></h5>
<h5>2.1 Canadian General Standards Board <abbr title=""> (CGSB) </abbr></h5>
:CAN/CGSB-3.0 – ''Methods of testing petroleum and associated products''<br>
:CAN/CGSB-3.0 – ''Methods of testing petroleum and associated products''<br>
:: [http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2017/ongc-cgsb/P29-3-0-28-8-2015-eng.pdf No. 28.8 – ''Visual haze rating of liquid fuels'' ] </br>
:: [http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2017/ongc-cgsb/P29-3-0-28-8-2015-eng.pdf No. 28.8 – ''Visual haze rating of liquid fuels''] <br>
<br>:[http://www.publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.838093/publication.html CAN/CGSB-3.524 — ''Biodiesel (B100) for blending in middle distillate fuel'']<br>
<br>:[http://www.publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.838093/publication.html CAN/CGSB-3.524 — ''Biodiesel (B100) for blending in middle distillate fuel'']<br>
'''2.1.1 Source''' The above may be obtained from the Canadian General Standards Board, Sales Centre, Gatineau, Canada K1A 1G6. Telephone 819-956-0425 or 1-800-665-2472. Fax 819-956-5740. E-mail ncr.cgsb-ongc@tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca. Web site [http://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/ongc-cgsb/index-eng.html|''http://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/ongc-cgsb/index-eng.html].<br>
'''2.1.1 Source''' The above may be obtained from the Canadian General Standards Board, Sales Centre, Gatineau, Canada K1A 1G6. Telephone 819-956-0425 or 1-800-665-2472. Fax 819-956-5740. E-mail ncr.cgsb-ongc@tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca. Web site [http://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/ongc-cgsb/index-eng.html| ''http://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/ongc-cgsb/index-eng.html''].<br>
It may also be obtained from the Government of Canada Publications, Publishing and Depository Services, Public Services and Procurement Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0S5. Telephone: 1-800-635-7943 or 613-941-5995. Fax 1-800-565-7757 or 613-954-5779. Email publications@tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca. Website: http://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/home.html.
It may also be obtained from the Government of Canada Publications, Publishing and Depository Services, Public Services and Procurement Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0S5. Telephone: 1-800-635-7943 or 613-941-5995. Fax 1-800-565-7757 or 613-954-5779. Email publications@tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca. Website: http://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/home.html.
a) Sulphur (see [[#6.8|6.8]])
a) Sulphur (see [[#6.8|6.8]])
b) Sample size (see [[#7.1|7.1.2]]).
b) Sample size (see [[CGSB ONGC/003 0002 2019 ENG#7.1 Sampling|7.1.2]]).
== '''9. Precautions''' ==
== '''9. Precautions''' ==
Fuel oils meeting the requirements of this standard are not intended for use in wick-type kerosene burning space heaters. When in doubt, consult the equipment operating instructions or the manufacturer of the appliance.
Fuel oils meeting the requirements of this standard are not intended for use in wick-type kerosene burning space heaters. When in doubt, consult the equipment operating instructions or the manufacturer of the appliance.
<h5>9.2 Pour point</h5>
The pour point of the biodiesel fuel blend should be suitable as required for the conditions of storage and use or as agreed by contract. The addition of biodiesel can degrade the low temperature properties of the heating fuel oil. The effectiveness of some fuel additives can be affected when biodiesel is blended into the fuel.
The pour point of the biodiesel fuel blend should be suitable as required for the conditions of storage and use or as agreed by contract. The addition of biodiesel can degrade the low temperature properties of the heating fuel oil. The effectiveness of some fuel additives can be affected when biodiesel is blended into the fuel.
<h5>9.3 Storage stability</h5>
Furnace burner manufacturers have expressed concerns with the stability of blends of biodiesel and middle distillate fuel. Poor oxidative stability of biodiesel blends can result in sediment formation and lacquering of furnace burner injection equipment. The inclusion of biodiesel in Type 2 heating fuel oil can degrade the storage stability of the finished fuel blend and long term storage (greater than 6 months) is not recommended. The impact of specific storage conditions has not been completely determined. The oxidation stability requirement of the B100 component is specified in CAN/CGSB-3.524.
Furnace burner manufacturers have expressed concerns with the stability of blends of biodiesel and middle distillate fuel. Poor oxidative stability of biodiesel blends can result in sediment formation and lacquering of furnace burner injection equipment. The inclusion of biodiesel in Type 2 heating fuel oil can degrade the storage stability of the finished fuel blend and long term storage (greater than 6 months) is not recommended. The impact of specific storage conditions has not been completely determined. The oxidation stability requirement of the B100 component is specified in [http://www.publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.838093/publication.html CAN/CGSB-3.524].
<h5>9.4 Water and copper</h5>
Water in storage tanks and copper in the fuel supply system can increase the rate of fuel degradation in long term storage. Heating oil storage tanks should be clean and free of water to help avoid corrosion and microbial contamination (see C.4.3). Incorporating metal deactivator additives into the fuel can help to mitigate the effects of copper contamination.
Water in storage tanks and copper in the fuel supply system can increase the rate of fuel degradation in long term storage. Heating oil storage tanks should be clean and free of water to help avoid corrosion and microbial contamination (see C.4.3). Incorporating metal deactivator additives into the fuel can help to mitigate the effects of copper contamination.
<h5>9.5 Conductivity depletion</h5>
Due to the normal depletion of fuel oil conductivity during commingling, storage and distribution, or at low temperatures, the fuel oil should be sufficiently treated with conductivity-improver additive to ensure that the electrical conductivity requirement in 6.12 is met. The temperature at the point of use and the method of distribution could require a substantially higher conductivity level than 25 pS/m at the point of additive treatment. It should be noted that samples in clear bottles exposed to sunlight can also show a rapid depletion in conductivity. For more information, refer to ASTM D2624 and D4865.
Due to the normal depletion of fuel oil conductivity during commingling, storage and distribution, or at low temperatures, the fuel oil should be sufficiently treated with conductivity-improver additive to ensure that the electrical conductivity requirement in 6.12 is met. The temperature at the point of use and the method of distribution could require a substantially higher conductivity level than 25 pS/m at the point of additive treatment. It should be noted that samples in clear bottles exposed to sunlight can also show a rapid depletion in conductivity. For more information, refer to [https://www.astm.org/Standards/D2624.htm D2624] and [https://www.astm.org/Standards/D4865.htm D4865].
NOTE Negative interactions can occur between some biodiesels and conductivity additives.
NOTE Negative interactions can occur between some biodiesels and conductivity additives.
<h5>9.6 Fuel colour</h5>
Fuels having unusual shades of colour should be investigated to determine fitness for use.
Fuels having unusual shades of colour should be investigated to determine fitness for use.
Fuel in long term storage can darken owing to oxidation of trace components. If the darkening is accompanied by the formation of sediment, the fuel could be rendered unacceptable for use.
Fuel in long term storage can darken owing to oxidation of trace components. If the darkening is accompanied by the formation of sediment, the fuel could be rendered unacceptable for use.
<h5>9.7 Manufacturing processes</h5>
Contamination from manufacturing processes or treatments can be carried over in trace quantities into the fuel and cause unexpected problems. Moreover, these contaminants might not be detected by the requirements listed in this standard. It is recommended that adequate quality assurance procedures be put in place to ensure that manufacturing processes capable of such contamination are identified and controlled. Sodium, calcium, chlorides, sulphates, clay, sand, acids, caustics, soaps, and amine process additives are examples of possible contaminations or potential precipitates.
Contamination from manufacturing processes or treatments can be carried over in trace quantities into the fuel and cause unexpected problems. Moreover, these contaminants might not be detected by the requirements listed in this standard. It is recommended that adequate quality assurance procedures be put in place to ensure that manufacturing processes capable of such contamination are identified and controlled. Sodium, calcium, chlorides, sulphates, clay, sand, acids, caustics, soaps, and amine process additives are examples of possible contaminations or potential precipitates.
<h5>9.8 Visual haze</h5>
The solubility of water in fuel is a function of temperature. When fuel is exposed to low ambient temperatures, water can separate causing a haze or cloudy appearance in heating fuel oil Types 0, 1 and 2. It has been a common industry practice to predict the solubility of water in fuel by performing the visual haze test at 4°C for fuel destined for winter use, and at 15°C for fuel intended for summer use. Experience has indicated that fuel passing these requirements has been acceptable in the appropriate season. For further information on the visual haze test, refer to CAN/CGSB-3.0 No. 28.8 or to ASTM D4176 Procedure 2.
The solubility of water in fuel is a function of temperature. When fuel is exposed to low ambient temperatures, water can separate causing a haze or cloudy appearance in heating fuel oil Types 0, 1 and 2. It has been a common industry practice to predict the solubility of water in fuel by performing the visual haze test at 4°C for fuel destined for winter use, and at 15°C for fuel intended for summer use. Experience has indicated that fuel passing these requirements has been acceptable in the appropriate season. For further information on the visual haze test, refer to CAN/CGSB-3.0 No. 28.8 or to ASTM D4176 Procedure 2.
<h5>9.9 Mercaptan sulphur</h5>
The plugging of domestic heating oil burner fuel screen filters or nozzles can be caused by the formation of copper mercaptide gels. Limiting the amount of mercaptan sulphur in heating fuel oil Types 0, 1 and 2 can reduce this problem. Eliminating the use of copper and copper alloys in heating fuel systems as well as the use of metal deactivator additives can also mitigate this problem.
The plugging of domestic heating oil burner fuel screen filters or nozzles can be caused by the formation of copper mercaptide gels. Limiting the amount of mercaptan sulphur in heating fuel oil Types 0, 1 and 2 can reduce this problem. Eliminating the use of copper and copper alloys in heating fuel systems as well as the use of metal deactivator additives can also mitigate this problem.
<h5>9.10 Hydrogen sulphide</h5>
Hydrogen sulphide (H<sub>2</sub>S) is often found in the vapour phase above Types 4, 5 and 6 fuel oils and occasionally in more limited concentration in the vapour phase above Types 0, 1 and 2 fuel oils. H<sub>2</sub>S is toxic at low concentrations in air. Additives are available that can react with H<sub>2</sub>S in the liquid phase and reduce the concentration of H<sub>2</sub>S both in the fuel and in the vapour phase. Some sulphur compounds present in Types 4, 5 and 6 can, over time, react to form additional H<sub>2</sub>S and this should be considered in determining the additive treat rate.
Hydrogen sulphide (H<sub>2</sub>S) is often found in the vapour phase above Types 4, 5 and 6 fuel oils and occasionally in more limited concentration in the vapour phase above Types 0, 1 and 2 fuel oils. H<sub>2</sub>S is toxic at low concentrations in air. Additives are available that can react with H<sub>2</sub>S in the liquid phase and reduce the concentration of H<sub>2</sub>S both in the fuel and in the vapour phase. Some sulphur compounds present in Types 4, 5 and 6 can, over time, react to form additional H<sub>2</sub>S and this should be considered in determining the additive treat rate.
<h5>9.11 Fuel flammability</h5>
A number of properties should be considered in assessing the overall flammability hazard of a fuel. Flash point is the minimum fuel temperature at which a mixture of air and fuel vapour can form and be ignited by a spark or flame under specified laboratory conditions. However, the flash point is only an indication of the potential flammability risk of a fuel. Oxygen concentration in the atmosphere is an additional factor affecting flammability. Investigation of fuel-related fires in marine vessel engine rooms and underground mining applications has shown that these fires are generally initiated through direct contact of a fuel spray or spill with hot surfaces having a temperature exceeding the auto-ignition temperature of the fuel. The flash point of the fuel has little bearing on the probability of such fires occurring. Similarly, fires in fuel tanks are typically initiated as a result of hot work (e.g., welding) on the exterior surface of the tank causing fuel adhering to the interior tank wall surface to evaporate and spontaneously ignite after having exceeded its auto-ignition temperature.
A number of properties should be considered in assessing the overall flammability hazard of a fuel. Flash point is the minimum fuel temperature at which a mixture of air and fuel vapour can form and be ignited by a spark or flame under specified laboratory conditions. However, the flash point is only an indication of the potential flammability risk of a fuel. Oxygen concentration in the atmosphere is an additional factor affecting flammability. Investigation of fuel-related fires in marine vessel engine rooms and underground mining applications has shown that these fires are generally initiated through direct contact of a fuel spray or spill with hot surfaces having a temperature exceeding the auto-ignition temperature of the fuel. The flash point of the fuel has little bearing on the probability of such fires occurring. Similarly, fires in fuel tanks are typically initiated as a result of hot work (e.g., welding) on the exterior surface of the tank causing fuel adhering to the interior tank wall surface to evaporate and spontaneously ignite after having exceeded its auto-ignition temperature.
<h5>9.12 Synthetic hydrocarbons</h5>
Synthetic hydrocarbons include hydrocarbons derived from non-petroleum sources such as biomass, natural gas, coal, fats and oils by processes such as gasification, reforming, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, hydroprocessing or hydrocracking (including co-processing with petroleum). Other terms used to refer to synthetic middle-distillate hydrocarbons include: biomass-to-liquid (BTL) diesel, gas-to-liquid (GTL) diesel, coal-to-liquid (CTL) diesel, hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD), hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), renewable hydrocarbon diesel (RHD) and synthesized paraffinic diesel (SPD). As with petroleum hydrocarbons, fuel suppliers should consider potential impacts of significant and abrupt changes in blend properties (e.g., density, aromatic content) associated with the use of synthetic hydrocarbons.
Synthetic hydrocarbons include hydrocarbons derived from non-petroleum sources such as biomass, natural gas, coal, fats and oils by processes such as gasification, reforming, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, hydroprocessing or hydrocracking (including co-processing with petroleum). Other terms used to refer to synthetic middle-distillate hydrocarbons include: biomass-to-liquid (BTL) diesel, gas-to-liquid (GTL) diesel, coal-to-liquid (CTL) diesel, hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD), hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), renewable hydrocarbon diesel (RHD) and synthesized paraffinic diesel (SPD). As with petroleum hydrocarbons, fuel suppliers should consider potential impacts of significant and abrupt changes in blend properties (e.g., density, aromatic content) associated with the use of synthetic hydrocarbons.
<h5>9.13 Fuel lubricity</h5>
Some processes that are used to desulphurize heating fuel oil, if severe enough, can also reduce its natural lubricating qualities. Since fuel pumps on furnaces require the fuel to act as a lubricant, heating fuel oils require sufficient lubricity to give adequate protection against excessive fuel pump wear. Additives can be used to improve fuel lubricity. Lubricity additives can have unwanted side effects particularly when used at excessive concentrations or in combination with other additives or contaminants. Adding over 1% by volume of biodiesel generally results in acceptable lubricity.
Some processes that are used to desulphurize heating fuel oil, if severe enough, can also reduce its natural lubricating qualities. Since fuel pumps on furnaces require the fuel to act as a lubricant, heating fuel oils require sufficient lubricity to give adequate protection against excessive fuel pump wear. Additives can be used to improve fuel lubricity. Lubricity additives can have unwanted side effects particularly when used at excessive concentrations or in combination with other additives or contaminants. Adding over 1% by volume of biodiesel generally results in acceptable lubricity.
<h2>'''Annex A Referenced ASTM International publications (see 2.3)'''</h2>
<h2>'''Annex A Referenced ASTM International publications)'''</h2>
'''normative'''<br>
'''normative'''<br>
'''Annual Book of ASTM Standards'''<br>
'''Annual Book of ASTM Standards''' see 2.3 <br>
[https://www.astm.org/Standards/D86.htm D86 Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure]<br>
[https://www.astm.org/Standards/D86.htm D86 Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure]<br>
[https://www.astm.org/Standards/D93.htm D93 Standard Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester]<br>
[https://www.astm.org/Standards/D93.htm D93 Standard Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester]<br>
[https://www.astm.org/Standards/D86.htm D86 E29 Standard Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications.]<br>
[https://www.astm.org/Standards/D86.htm D86 E29 Standard Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications.]<br>
<h2>'''Annex B'''</h2> '''Federal, provincial and other regulations applicable to heating oil (informative)'''
<h2>'''Annex B Federal, provincial and other regulations applicable to heating oil'''</h2>
'''informative'''
<h3> B.1 Federal regulations </h3>
<h3> B.1 Federal regulations </h3>
B1.1 Canadian Environmental Protection Act
B1.1 Canadian Environmental Protection Act
<h2>'''Annex C''' </h2>
<h2>'''Annex C (Informative) Significance of requirements for Type 2 fuel oil containing 1 to 5% biodiesel'''</h2>
<h3> C.1 Introduction </h3>
<h3> C.1 Introduction </h3>
C.1.1 The properties of commercial Type 2 fuel oil depend on the refining practices employed and the nature of the feedstocks from which they are produced. For example, Type 2 fuel oil produced within the boiling range of 130°- 400°C may have many possible combinations of various properties such as volatility, density and viscosity.
C.1.1 The properties of commercial Type 2 fuel oil depend on the refining practices employed and the nature of the feedstocks from which they are produced. For example, Type 2 fuel oil produced within the boiling range of 130°- 400°C may have many possible combinations of various properties such as volatility, density and viscosity.