E-signature Options 2020-04
Electronic Signature Options Available for Immediate Use Within the Government of Canada (GC)
The purpose of this blog post is to suggest some e-signature options that are available to federal government officials wishing to implement immediate alternatives to wet signatures in light of the limitations arising out of the current COVID-19 situation. The social distancing measures currently in place to slow the spread of COVID-19 and the need for rapid assistance to Canadians may require the implementation of immediate digital government solutions, to assist in making government more efficient in delivering needed services to Canadians. These solutions may be necessary for internal as well as external-facing government transactions. For example, because of current social-distancing measures, government officials may not have access to printers and limited access to certain government networks, making it difficult to authorize internal transactions that normally would require forms and wet signatures. Similarly, departments might be considering alternative means for communicating decisions or authorizations to members of the public (e.g. electronic issuance of decisions, permits etc.). Consideration might also be given to allow members of the public to submit certain documents electronically. The following informal guidance is meant to assist government officials in determining what operational e-signature solutions might be appropriate in the given circumstances. In addition, we hope it will generate discussion and additional options and ideas will come to light.
This guidance should be read in conjunction with the Government of Canada E-Signature Guidance 2019 released by TBS in July 2019. The Guide can be used to inform the development of streamlined digital services that previously relied upon handwritten signatures on paper. A PDF form that needs to be printed, signed, scanned, and emailed back is not a true digital process.
The Government of Canada E-Signature Guidance 2019 provides a four level of assurance model of e-signatures that government officials can use to meet their requirements. These levels of assurance are based on those found in the Guideline on Defining Authentication Requirements If your process requires or would benefit from signatures, please read and apply the guidance to your process.
This document includes the views of the Cyber Security group at TBS, and should not be interpreted as official government policy. We in TBS Cyber Security are available to assist and offer guidance by sharing ideas and knowledge developed over the past couple of years of development of the e-signature guidance in discussions and review with practitioners across the GC. It is important to note that your Departmental Legal Services Unit (DLSU) should also be consulted to ensure compliance with any legal requirements.
To that end, here are some e-signature options that we believe could be deployed rapidly using existing technologies available within the GC.
Level of Assurance (LoA) 1:
LoA 1 is appropriate where a low degree of confidence is required.
At LoA 1, a user can type her name at the bottom of an email or doc. ument to indicate acceptance of conditions described above in the document or authorization for some purpose. We would recommend that the typed name be marked specially and that the context provided by the wording preceding the signature help make the purpose of the signature clear. Some jurisdictions have adopted a unique format to the typed signature such as
/s/ Michael Brownlie (described here: United States District Court (Northern California))
Or
/Michael Brownlie/ (examples here: USPTO examples)
If you wish to improve the level of assurance of the LoA 1 e-signature, it could be associated with an email address. For example, a business process could be designed that causes an email containing something unique and unpredictable to be sent to the chosen email address, and the signer could respond, including the text that was sent to them, with a signature following one of the formats above or something similar designed for the purpose. Such a process would show the intent to sign, accepting the conditions described, and the signature would be associated with the email address that the request was sent to, at least establishing that the e-signature was made by a person with control over the email address chosen.
Building on the idea of associating an e-signature with an email address, an approach already in relatively common use is to send an email to the address associated with a person whose approval is required. The email contains a link unique to the signature being requested that, when clicked on, takes the user to a web page where she is presented with the request details and a click to sign button. When the user clicks, all the necessary details are stored as a record of the signature and what was signed (including the unique link that was only sent to the signer).
The above LoA 1 approaches apply both inside government processes or with the Canadian Public.
Level of Assurance (LoA) 2:
LoA 2 is appropriate where reasonable (some) confidence is required.
There are a number of solid options available for LoA 2 signatures both with internal GC parties and with the Canadian public.
Within the GC - PKI-based E-Signature Solutions
PKI credentials (e.g. from the Internal Credential Management Service - myKEY, RCMP, DND, or CRA) can be used to sign three different types of documents:
1. Emails
Above example is when sending the email. Note the use of /s/ to show intent to sign, though this may or may not be necessary and we are not implying that it is required in a signed email.
Above shows the Inbox of the recipient including a red icon to indicate digital signature.
Above is as the email will appear to the recipient when opened.
2. PDF documents
3. Microsoft Word documents
We won’t go into detail here about how to set these up, as each technology choice could be a blog post on its own, but there are pros and cons to each of the choices that would have to be weighed by the business owner for the specific situation. The major takeaway is that each of these options can be used today by GC officials needing to sign documents as well as those verifying the signatures. Note that this latter step of verifying signatures is not always performed with physical, ink signatures, so the digital replacement using PKI has additional benefits. GC PKI credentials using soft tokens (epf files), which is the majority of such credentials within the GC, achieve an LoA 2. See CSE ITSP.30.031 V3 for more details. GC PKI credentials using hard tokens and a rigorous identity-proofing process may achieve LoA 3 or even 4, if implemented in accordance with the level 4 requirements identified in the e-signature guidance document. In addition, GC PKI credentials come with strong LoA 2 identity-proofing baked in at a minimum (higher for many).
Within the GC - Where the User is Associated with an Account
If the user can log in to an account using an LoA 2 authentication, a straightforward option is to have the user log in and “click to sign”. There should be well-described consequences of the signing action so that the user is aware that she is performing a signing action. This option is already in wide use. An example from the GC is the e-signatures applied by both manager and employee as part of the Performance Management process.
Outside the GC - PKI-based E-Signature Solutions
Note that in special cases, GC PKI-based signatures could be applied to the three types of documents mentioned above and sent to a user outside of government who could then apply a special, manual process to verify the signature, but this approach would absolutely not scale to the general Canadian public.
Users outside the GC rarely have access to PKI credentials that could be used to digitally sign, therefore it would be an unusual situation where a process for external parties to perform e-signatures could be designed around PKI-based solutions. In one-off situations where a user outside the GC does have a PKI credential, a PKI-based signature with a manual process to verify the signature on the GC side could be an option.
Outside the GC - Where the User is Associated with an Account
As above, if the external user can log in to an account using an LoA 2 authentication, a simple approach is to have the user log in and “click to sign”. The CRA process for adding a child for child benefits within My Account for Individuals is an example of an e-signature where a user outside the GC is associated with an account. In these cases, the LoA of the e-signature is largely determined by the LoA of the authentication process used for logging in to the account. This is an example of LoA 2 because the credentials used to log in to those accounts are LoA 2. You can find more details on this in the e-signature guidance.
Level of Assurance (LoA) 3:
LoA 3 is appropriate when a high degree of confidence is required. It should be noted that LoA 4 is outside of the scope of this blog entry.
Two major technical options are available at LoA 3.
Digitally-signed PDF documents using PKI-based AATL certificates
The Portable Document Format (PDF) standard includes the ability to digitally sign electronic documents using PKI technology. In addition, Adobe has created a program called Adobe Approved Trust List (AATL) that allows any user with a certificate from an approved certification authority (CA) to digitally sign documents that are trusted by any user around the world when opened using a PDF viewer from Adobe and other vendors. The AATL ensures that signers with certificates are identity-proofed and that the private key used for the digital signature is kept secure on a hardware token. In addition to providing proof of the identity of the signer of the document, this technology also ensures that the document has not been tampered with since it was signed. Since the majority of people do not have the certificates needed to create these signatures, this approach is suited to a use case where you need (a small number of people) to certify authentic documents that you wish to send to be viewed potentially by a large number of people.
There are a number of technical details for another discussion, but be prepared to do a careful investigation into how you would use this technology. For example, things such as long-term validation of documents need to be considered.
On the AATL Member List there is one Canadian CA and another that the GC has used for many years as a PKI vendor.
This technology is in many ways close to what was originally envisioned for Canada’s Secure Electronic Signature (see below), though at this time we are still investigating how or if TBS could recognize external CAs for this purpose.
Where the user is associated with an account
As above in the LoA 2 section, a user who has logged in to an account at LoA 3, which means using multi-factor authentication, can “click to sign” to approve, accept, or otherwise apply her signature.
Use of an External Service
There are a number of external electronic signature services that can be procured and integrated with your business process. Such services are becoming more common and can be seen in use, for example, in real estate transactions across Canada. Options are available certainly from LoA 1 to 3. Thus these options are available as rapidly as your internal assessment and procurement processes allow.
Secure Electronic Signature
As mentioned in the e-signature guidance, the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA) and other federal legislation refer to the concept of a “Secure Electronic Signature” (SES). What constitutes an SES is governed by PIPEDA and the technology process described in the Secure Electronic Signature Regulations (SESR). Although PIPEDA mandates the use of SES in certain circumstances (e.g. federal legislative and regulatory requirements for witnessed signatures, statements declaring truth etc.), most of these do not apply unless a department has taken positive steps to have the provisions in question apply. Consult your DLSU for further information. At this point we would suggest that implementing Secure Electronic Signature is a challenging task that may not be fully achievable for some applications.
At this time it is not clear if TBS can recognize external CAs in order to provide the certificates required to apply secure electronic signatures to documents such that they could be verified by members of the public. Even for internal use, not many users outside of RCMP and DND have access to certificates that have been enrolled with a suitable face to face procedure and have the private signing key stored on an approved FIPS 140-2 security token.
Scanned Versions of Wet Signatures
A short caution about using a digitized version (scan) of your wet signature from paper. Although PDF readers and editors often allow the user to insert a scan of her wet signature from paper, we do not consider this a good practice. Although it can give a signed electronic document a look that users are familiar with, we would argue that there is no real assurance or security achieved by inserting such a scan beyond what is achieved by typing a name as signature (e.g. /s/ Michael Brownlie). In addition, there is a risk in distributing an authentic copy of one’s wet signature around cyber space that a malicious actor could grab a copy and use it in concert with technology such as colour photocopiers to create facsimiles of one’s wet signature in the paper world (e.g. on formal contracts or other documents rendered on paper). In short, there is little gain in assurance while at the same time there is a potential risk introduced unnecessarily into the world of physical signatures.
Beyond the Actual Signature
A further consideration in moving from physical signatures to electronic signatures is the assurance level of the physical signature that is being replaced. In talking with practitioners who are implementing e-signatures, we often hear about weaknesses in the existing physical signature process while the proposed replacement with an e-signature is being scrutinized rigorously to achieve a high level of assurance. As an example, many processes involving physical signatures on forms do not implement a check of that signature against a pre-established signature card (or perform any other validation of the signature). We would suggest that such a physical signature process is at best a level of assurance 1. Now with those processes there may be other compensating controls in place that must be considered when moving to an e-signature, but the robustness of the signature itself is probably not high. These additional controls are important. An example might be a PDF form that is sent to a user for printing, ink signing, scanning, and emailing back (a partially digital process that still requires a physical signature). The fact that the user was able to receive the email on a known email address may be considered an additional control on the process and this could be replicated into the replacement electronic signature process.
Much of what is important with signatures is ensuring that the process captures an individual’s intent to sign and additionally the integrity of the information submitted. Above we have offered some technical options for the electronic signature portion of the process that are already available for use by the Government of Canada to move forward more rapidly with digital government processes. As well as the technical option chosen for an e-signature, you will need to consider the original purpose and intention of the paper-based requirements and determine what equivalents you need as part of any e-transaction based on the risks that arise.
The purpose of this blog has been to present some possible technical approaches for e-signatures that are already available for use. We are interested in having a dialog with practitioners and hope that you will contact us or comment here on the blog in order to expand the dialog and speed up digital government initiatives.