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+ | ===History of the Crown-Indigenous Relationship=== | ||
+ | The relationship between the Crown and Indigenous peoples is the longest standing relationship on Canada’s history. This relationship began with the Royal Proclamation of 1763 – which represented the first formal recognition of the need to negotiate with Indigenous peoples on a nation-to-nation basis. Since that initial proclamation, other decisions and events went on to shape the relationship between Indigenous peoples and the Crown both positively and negatively. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * The Royal Proclamation, 1763 recognized prior occupation of land by Indigenous peoples and set out the Crown’s policy approach for the cession of land, including the making of treaties. | ||
+ | * 1867: The British North America Act, section 91(24) identifies Powers of Parliament to include jurisdiction over “Indians and lands reserved for Indians”. This led to the development of the Indian Act, and the Reserve system which established government control over the lives of First Nations people, restricting freedom of movement and activity. | ||
+ | * 1870s: The first residential schools open. Indian residential schools served as a primary instrument of assimilation from the 1870s until the late 20th Century. Over 130 residential schools were located across the country. These government-funded, church-run schools were set up to eliminate parental involvement in the intellectual, cultural, and spiritual development of Aboriginal children. During this era, more than 150,000 First Nations, Métis, and Inuit children were placed in these schools often against their parents' wishes. Many were forbidden to speak their language and practice their own culture. The last school closed in 1996. While there is an estimated 80,000 former students living today, the ongoing impact of residential schools has been felt throughout generations and has contributed to social problems that continue to exist. | ||
+ | * 1871-75: The first five numbered treaties deal with native lands in northwestern Ontario and what is now southern Manitoba, southern Saskatchewan and southern Alberta. | ||
+ | * 1876: The Indian Act is passed, essentially extinguishing any remaining self-government for First Nations and making them wards of the federal government. | ||
+ | * 1975: The James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement is signed. This is the first modern land claim agreement, or modern treaty, in Canada. | ||
+ | * 1982: Constitution Act, 1982 is enacted. Section 35 of the Act is the reconciliation of the pre-existence of Aboriginal societies with Crown sovereignty and affirms existing Aboriginal and Treaty rights. | ||
+ | * 1984: The Inuvialuit Final Agreement gave the Inuit of the western Arctic control over resources. | ||
+ | * 1985: Changes to the Indian Act extend formal Indian status to the Metis, all enfranchised Aboriginal people living off reserve land and Aboriginal women who had previously lost their status by marrying a non-Aboriginal man | ||
+ | * 1990: The Sparrow case finds that the Crown must consult prior to infringing existing Aboriginal and Treaty rights. The Oka Crisis focuses national attention of Indigenous land claims. | ||
+ | * 1996: Final report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples is released. | ||
+ | * 1999: Nunavut is created under the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement in the western Arctic, with lands set aside where Inuit can live, hunt and control sub-surface resources. | ||
+ | * 2000: The federal government approves the Nisga’a Treaty, giving the tribe about $196 million over 15 years plus communal self-government and control of natural resources in parts of northwestern British Columbia. | ||
+ | * 2004: The Haida case creates an obligation to consult, and where appropriate, accommodate, where potential rights are concerned. Subsequent court decisions of Mikisew Cree (2005), Little Salmon (2010), Rio Tinto (2010) and Tsilhqot’in (2014) further refined the Crown’s obligation to consult with Indigenous peoples. | ||
+ | * 2005: The Kelowna Accord called for spending $5 billion over five years to improve native education, health care and living conditions. The Government changed before the accord could be implemented. | ||
+ | * 2008: Prime Minister Stephen Harper offers a formal apology on behalf of Canada over residential schools. | ||
+ | * 2010: Canada signs the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, with qualifications. | ||
+ | * 2015: Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission is released. | ||
+ | * 2016: All Ministerial mandate letters now contain focus on a renewed, nation to nation relationship with Indigenous peoples. | ||
+ | * 2016: Canada officially adopts United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, without qualification. | ||
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Revision as of 11:18, 7 May 2020
Learn More Page
Indigenous Peoples Today
- “Indigenous peoples” is a term to describe the original peoples of North America and their descendants.
- In Canada, “Indigenous” refers to: First Nations, Métis and Inuit.
- In 2016, there were 1,673,780 Indigenous people in Canada, making up 4.9% of the population.
- Since 2006, the Indigenous population in Canada has grown by 42.5% - more than four times the growth rate of the non-Indigenous population.
- About 44% of the Indigenous population is under 25 years old, compared with 28% of the non-Indigenous population.
- Between 2006 and 2016, the number of Indigenous seniors doubled to 121,665.
- Indigenous peoples are diverse:
- Many languages and cultures
- Varying socio-economic conditions
- Many governance structures
Additional information:
The Aboriginal People of Canada, 2016 Census of Population
Words Matter: Indigenous Terminology, August 2018 (Federal Network Access only)
Reconciliation
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UNDRIP |
Peoples, History & Current Context
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History of the Crown-Indigenous RelationshipThe relationship between the Crown and Indigenous peoples is the longest standing relationship on Canada’s history. This relationship began with the Royal Proclamation of 1763 – which represented the first formal recognition of the need to negotiate with Indigenous peoples on a nation-to-nation basis. Since that initial proclamation, other decisions and events went on to shape the relationship between Indigenous peoples and the Crown both positively and negatively.
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Key Indigenous Partners
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Links to sites |
Free Online Courses / Cours en ligne sans frais
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“Indigenous Canada” offered by the University of Alberta on Coursera |
Literature, Film and other media / Littérature, films et autres médias
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Indigenous Perspectives: Stories from Indigenous Public Servants / Perspectives autochtones : Histoires de fonctionnaires autochtones
Cherie Dimaline - The Marrow Thieves The Life And Times of Harry Daniels 108 Indigenous writers to read National Film Board Playlist on Indigenous Voices and Reconciliation Indian Horse (book and film) - #NEXT150 CHALLENGE Unreserved podcast with Rosanna Dearchild on cbc.ca ReconciliAction Resources Library from the University of Saskatchewan 9 Great Podcasts Hosted By Indigenous Women Indigenous Corporate Training Free resources, eBooks and a Blog |